Stoicism is a philosophy that teaches you to be calm and patient in the face of difficult situations. It is based on the idea that you should never let your emotions get in the way of your ability to think clearly.
An impassive person is not emotional. They don't show their emotions, either positive or negative.
To medicate is to take medication to treat a illness or injury. Sometimes people use the word to describe the act of drinking alcohol to relax or to get drunk.
To fray something is to tear or damage it. The clothes on the clothesline are fraying because the wind is blowing them around.
To extricate something is to remove it from a difficult or dangerous situation. Sometimes the word is used to describe the process of removing a person from a dangerous situation.